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They were "approved" procedures and were being used by at least three DC-10 operators.
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American used an unapproved procedure, and as such, bore the full responsibility for anything that went wrong with that procedure. Had American not been using their own procedure of removing/installing the engine and pylon assembly as one unit, there wouldn't have been the opportunity for the maintenance error to happen. When you venture out on your own with your own procedures, all bets are off, you assume the full brunt of responsibility and liability.
Excerpt from NTSB AAR 79-17:
American Airlines personnel contacted McDonnell Douglas personnel about this procedure. According to the American Airlines' manager of production for the Boeing 747 and DC-10 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, who participated in the development of the maintenance procedures, a McDonnell-Douglas field service representative stated that McDonnell-Douglas did not know of any carrier that was removing the engine and pylon as single unit. He said that the field service representative conveyed concern "in reference to clearances to me." However, he
assumed that these clearances involved those between the clevis and the fore and aft faces of the aft pylon bulkhead's spherical bearing.
The McDonnell-Douglas field service representative who was contacted by Amencan's personnel stated that he conveyed American's intentions to his superiors. According to him, "Douglas would not encourage this procedure due to the element of risk irvolved in the remating of the combined engine and pylon assembly to the wing attach points" and that American Airlines' personnel were so advised.
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The airline always buys it. It's the nature of the business. The lawyers make sure of it.
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I'm no fan of lawyers, but American bears the burden of responsibility in this case, plain and simple. As I stated before, had the maintenance error would very likely not occurred had the non-standard practice not been being used. One act led to the other. United was using a crane to remove the engine/pylon asssemblies from their DC-10s, but lucky for them, American "bought the bullet" from having an accident happen to them before it had the chance to happen to United. United changed their engine change practice to the McDonnell-Douglas recommended practice shortly after AA 191s loss.
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The airlines take and have taken "this stuff" very seriously. They have engineering departments that rival the manufactureres. They spend a fortune on preventative maintenance and the final proof is that their safety record in this area has been undeniably stellar.
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You're kidding, right? You really believe airlines spend a fortune on safety? They don't care any more about you than they do me or anyone else. $$$ are the bottom line, and if it'll save more money in the long run to install a safety device or measure than they'll implement it, if not, then they don't care. As Bill Waldock put it, "if it's cheaper to save you, they'll save you; if it's cheaper to kill you, they'll kill you."
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But there is no perfection anywhere when it comes to men and machinery. And when "journalists" try to sensationalize and make something sound criminally negligent and try to imply that the industry is full of evil people who will put customer's lives at risk for a dime, well I hope that on a forum like this we can put it in perspective. The airlines have to take these airplanes and operate them safely and at a profit, or there is no industry. The manufacturers have no such responsibility and have recognized for a long time that this is an area that the airlines excell at, not they. The safety record speaks for itself and as horrific as the 191 was, if that airplane had been designed properly those people would be alive today. And even that design flaw was a mistake, not a murderous plot to save a few bucks. The hysterical finger pointing is for journalists and especially lawyers. They painted this "criminal" picture and the History Channel ran with it. We're industry professionals or hopefuls. We should know better.
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I don't like lawyers and press any more than you do. At the same time, airlines have to take responsibility for their actions when appropriate. You already mentioned you're biased towards airlines and engineers, I'm biased towards the truth. Media BS and sensationalism aside, American screwed the pooch on this one, plain and simple. There were tertiary factors such as hydraulics design on the DC-10 and AAs engine-out operating procedures. But in the end, AAs desire to save 200 maintenance man hours, ie- cut a corner in terms of time and ultimately money using a non-approved maintenance procedure, cost 271 lives.