jrh said:
It's a commonly accepted practice for two pilots to fly together, one under the hood and one as safety pilot, then they split the cost. That is a cheap way to build time. How is it different to split costs with a passenger versus another pilot? Do you see what I'm saying?
I do. Definitely.
Here's the problem. There is a (IMO) =necessary= grey area between what is allowed and what is not allowed. Necessary because how creative we can be in trying to get around the rules.
Ultimately I think the =real= rule the FAA uses is the "duck" rule: If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's a duck." Or, if you prefer, the legal test for whether something is obscene: "I can't define it but I know it when I see it."
In the 2-pilot scenarios, you can stand on your head and twist your neck around like in the Exorcist, but it's still tough to make it look even remotely like a commercial flight. The 2-pilot scenarios don't look or sound or act anything like the "duck" of carrying passengers for hire. It barely even looks like carrying passengers to begin with.
But whenever a non-pilot comes on board, the dynamic changes. Keep in mind that the general rule is that a private pilot cannot receive =any= compensation for flying. the shared cost exception is just that- an exception, and one that is very limited. Cross the line in a situation that gives the FAA a reason to look at it and =bam=.
That doesn't mean to walk in fear of the FAA. There are some really stupid scenarios I've seen in these discussions, like whether you can fly your sister to her best friend's wedding if you're not going yourself and have her share the expenses (or even pay all of them). Yeah sure, maybe it's =technically= outside of the limits of the exception, but really. I can't imagine worrying about that one. The other good ones are those where the passenger buys lunch. Puh-leeze!
None of my posts are meant to tell anyone what they should do. They are only meant to try to explain what I think the rules are and the way I think the FAA approaches the question. After that, for things that are in that grey area, it's up to you to make your own decision about where it falls and what level of risk of being wrong you are willing to accept.