I think you'd be more likely to find something like this in corporate aviation than the airlines. Our company has such a program open to employees, as do most larger corporations. Whether they'd approve it for me, I'm not certain, but I would guess they would if it held some demonstrable benefit for the job. (Possible example would be if the CP retired, they wanted me to take the job, and I wanted some management courses or an MBA.)
In a way, flying jobs do this, though. My company pays for two trips a year to Simuflite or SimCom for recurrent training. Ask doctors and lawyers about continuing education ... they have to do it, and it is often paid for by the employer. It's a very similar thing to recurrent training for aviators.
FL270