Hello,
I am currently involved in a research related optimization of runway configurations. It requires proper understanding of ATC rules related to aircraft takeoffs and landings especially with intersecting runway arrangements.
The FAA order 7110.65R helped me in understanding some of the regulations. However, after reading through the document, still I have no clue in figuring out what the appropriate procedures for some of the situations.
To be specific, I am looking for answers to the following situations/questions. I very much appreciate any information that you’ll could provide with regards to any of these situations. Thanks in advance for any kind of support.
QUESTION 1
In case of aircraft operations using intersecting runway configurations (when Wake turbulence is a factor) if the two flight paths intersect (while in air) only the following three combinations warrant 2 minute separation.
Takeoff through another takeoff path (3-9-8 c 1)
Takeoff through a landing path (3-9-8 d)
Landing through a takeoff path (3-10-4 c)
But,…
Landing through another landing path does not warrant 2 minute separation. Only cautionary advices (3-10-4 d)
Why is this ?
3-9-8 c 1. states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft taking off behind a heavy jet/ B757 departure by 2 minutes when departing: in crossing runway if projected flight paths will cross. (That is both departing aircraft are airborne at the runway intersection) [Fig 3-9-9]
3-9-8 d. states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft taking off behind a landing heavy jet/ B757 on a crossing runway if the departure will fly through the airborne path of the arrival -2 minutes [Fig 3-9-11]
3-10-4 c states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft landing behind a departing heavy jet/ B757 on a crossing runway if the arrival will fly through the airborne path of the departure – 2 minutes or the appropriate radar separation minima. [Fig 3-10-10]
However,
3-10-4 d states,
Issue wake turbulence cautionary advisories, the position and altitude if known, and direction of the heavy jet/ B757 to, VFR aircraft landing on a crossing runway behind an arriving heavy jet/ B757 if the arrival flight path will cross. [Fig 3-10-12]
QUESTION 2
As stated in 3-10-4 d, when a landing is crossing another landing in air, it is only VFR that needs cautionary advisories. What is the procedure in case of IFR.
Is it simply 3 nautical miles separation as stated in 5-5-4 ?
QUESTION 3
In case of intersecting operations and if flight paths intersect (in air) what is the separation requirement when it is IFR conditions but the two aircraft involved are small (that is NO wake vortex issues) for situations
Departure crossing an arrival (airborne flight paths intersect)
Arrival crosses departure (airborne flight paths intersect)
Departure crosses departure (airborne flight paths intersect)
Is it simply 3 nautical mile separation as stated in 5-5-4 ?
QUESTION 4
When the departure runway lies underneath a crossing arrival flight path, the departure cannot start its takeoff run before an arriving aircraft passes (crosses) over the departure runway (3-9-8 b) (Fig 3-9-8)
With this rule, if there are continuous arrivals the departure will never be able to start its takeoff run because as soon as one arrival crosses the departure runway there will be another landing aircraft on the approach path. Obviously there should be a rule saying that the departure can start if the next crossing arrival is at some distance behind the point of crossing. However, I couldn’t find such a rule in FAA 7110.65R.
Any idea what that distance should be (in VFR/VMC and in IFR/IMC) and where can I find them in FAA 7110.65R. ?
3-9-8, states,
Separate departing aircraft from an aircraft using an intersecting runway, or nonintersecting runways when the flight paths intersect, by ensuring that the departure does not begin takeoff roll until one of the following exists:
b. A preceding arriving aircraft is clear of the landing runway, completed the landing roll and will hold short of the intersection, passed the intersection, or has crossed over the departure runway. (See FIG 3-9-7 and FIG 3-9-8.)
QUESTION 5
Lets assume a two intersecting runway configuration (say 9-27 & 4-22); An aircraft takes off from runway 9 and is followed by another aircraft landing in runway 4. Also assume the point of intersection is towards the far end. (that is, by the time the departing aircraft reaches the point of intersection it is airborne). If the arrival has to go around due to missed approach it could fly through the airborne flight path of the aircraft that took off in runway 9 if the go around path is along the arrival runway alignment.
Considering missed approach path along arrival runway alignment,
(i) under VFR and if wake turbulence is a factor what should be the procedure/rules
(ii) under IFR and if wake turbulence is NOT a factor what should be the procedure/rules
Considering aircraft turns right to heading 090 for the go around (that is parallel to departure runway to avoid wake turbulence)
(iii) what should be the lateral separation or vertical separation between go around path and departure path.
I am currently involved in a research related optimization of runway configurations. It requires proper understanding of ATC rules related to aircraft takeoffs and landings especially with intersecting runway arrangements.
The FAA order 7110.65R helped me in understanding some of the regulations. However, after reading through the document, still I have no clue in figuring out what the appropriate procedures for some of the situations.
To be specific, I am looking for answers to the following situations/questions. I very much appreciate any information that you’ll could provide with regards to any of these situations. Thanks in advance for any kind of support.
QUESTION 1
In case of aircraft operations using intersecting runway configurations (when Wake turbulence is a factor) if the two flight paths intersect (while in air) only the following three combinations warrant 2 minute separation.
Takeoff through another takeoff path (3-9-8 c 1)
Takeoff through a landing path (3-9-8 d)
Landing through a takeoff path (3-10-4 c)
But,…
Landing through another landing path does not warrant 2 minute separation. Only cautionary advices (3-10-4 d)
Why is this ?
3-9-8 c 1. states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft taking off behind a heavy jet/ B757 departure by 2 minutes when departing: in crossing runway if projected flight paths will cross. (That is both departing aircraft are airborne at the runway intersection) [Fig 3-9-9]
3-9-8 d. states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft taking off behind a landing heavy jet/ B757 on a crossing runway if the departure will fly through the airborne path of the arrival -2 minutes [Fig 3-9-11]
3-10-4 c states,
Separate IFR/VFR aircraft landing behind a departing heavy jet/ B757 on a crossing runway if the arrival will fly through the airborne path of the departure – 2 minutes or the appropriate radar separation minima. [Fig 3-10-10]
However,
3-10-4 d states,
Issue wake turbulence cautionary advisories, the position and altitude if known, and direction of the heavy jet/ B757 to, VFR aircraft landing on a crossing runway behind an arriving heavy jet/ B757 if the arrival flight path will cross. [Fig 3-10-12]
QUESTION 2
As stated in 3-10-4 d, when a landing is crossing another landing in air, it is only VFR that needs cautionary advisories. What is the procedure in case of IFR.
Is it simply 3 nautical miles separation as stated in 5-5-4 ?
QUESTION 3
In case of intersecting operations and if flight paths intersect (in air) what is the separation requirement when it is IFR conditions but the two aircraft involved are small (that is NO wake vortex issues) for situations
Departure crossing an arrival (airborne flight paths intersect)
Arrival crosses departure (airborne flight paths intersect)
Departure crosses departure (airborne flight paths intersect)
Is it simply 3 nautical mile separation as stated in 5-5-4 ?
QUESTION 4
When the departure runway lies underneath a crossing arrival flight path, the departure cannot start its takeoff run before an arriving aircraft passes (crosses) over the departure runway (3-9-8 b) (Fig 3-9-8)
With this rule, if there are continuous arrivals the departure will never be able to start its takeoff run because as soon as one arrival crosses the departure runway there will be another landing aircraft on the approach path. Obviously there should be a rule saying that the departure can start if the next crossing arrival is at some distance behind the point of crossing. However, I couldn’t find such a rule in FAA 7110.65R.
Any idea what that distance should be (in VFR/VMC and in IFR/IMC) and where can I find them in FAA 7110.65R. ?
3-9-8, states,
Separate departing aircraft from an aircraft using an intersecting runway, or nonintersecting runways when the flight paths intersect, by ensuring that the departure does not begin takeoff roll until one of the following exists:
b. A preceding arriving aircraft is clear of the landing runway, completed the landing roll and will hold short of the intersection, passed the intersection, or has crossed over the departure runway. (See FIG 3-9-7 and FIG 3-9-8.)
QUESTION 5
Lets assume a two intersecting runway configuration (say 9-27 & 4-22); An aircraft takes off from runway 9 and is followed by another aircraft landing in runway 4. Also assume the point of intersection is towards the far end. (that is, by the time the departing aircraft reaches the point of intersection it is airborne). If the arrival has to go around due to missed approach it could fly through the airborne flight path of the aircraft that took off in runway 9 if the go around path is along the arrival runway alignment.
Considering missed approach path along arrival runway alignment,
(i) under VFR and if wake turbulence is a factor what should be the procedure/rules
(ii) under IFR and if wake turbulence is NOT a factor what should be the procedure/rules
Considering aircraft turns right to heading 090 for the go around (that is parallel to departure runway to avoid wake turbulence)
(iii) what should be the lateral separation or vertical separation between go around path and departure path.
